Fukushima-Daiichi na vlastné oči

Záver (Conclusion)

Skúsenosť zo zóny okolo Fukushimy bola trochu iná ako z Pripjati - na Ukrajine sa príroda už postarala o výtvory človeka, samotné mesto vyzerá trochu ako neudržovaný skanzen. Kde bol asfalt sú diery, budovy sa rozpadajú, vegetácia prebrala iniciatívu. V Japonsku to miestami vyzeralo ako normálne mesto, najmä keď sa pozriete na fotografie z Namie-Machi fotené z mosta. Až keď prechádzate ulicami zistujete, že tam niečo nie je v poriadku - hrdzavé autá, nepokosené trávniky, zabednené okná. A hlavne - žiadna živá duša. Do niektorých častí zóny sa ľudia už môžu sťahovať, no väčšina tak zatiaľ neučinila. Tiež neviem, či by som sa vracal do domu, kúsok od ktorého stojí skládka rádioaktívnej pôdy. Bude tiež zaujímavé sledovať, ako sa tento problém s pôdou vyvinie, a tiež čo sa stane s rekultivovanými poliami - či tam jedného dňa porastie ryža alebo len solárne panely, osobne si myslím že tie panely.

Hoci je zamorenie "len" 15-20% v porovnaní s Černobyľom, časti zóny budú dlhodobo neobývateľná, avšak pravdepodobne nie tak ako na Ukrajine - v Japonsku totiž nedošlo k tak veľkému zamoreniu izotopmi plutónia, ktorého polčas rozpadu je asi 22000 rokov. Hlavnými zdrojmi radiácie sú v súčasnosti izotopy cézia, hlavne cézium-137, ktorého polčas rozpadu je 30 rokov. Namiesto tisícov rokov, po ktoré bude neobývateľná zóna v okolí Černobyľu vďaka rozmetanému plutóniu, sa tak bavíme pravdepodobne o stovkách rokov v územiach s najvyšším zamorením okolo elektrárne.

Od katastrofy sa zmenil pohľad sveta na jadrovú energiu - Japonsko síce dočasne všetky reaktory odstavilo, no vzhľadom na fakt že odstaviť tretinu produkcie elektriny v tak veľkej krajine je neudržateľné, zmenila sa minimálne stratégia krajiny k jadrovej energii, ktorej podiel bude v budúcnu klesať. Nemecko v reakcii na nehodu plánuje odstaviť všetkých 17 jadrových elektrární do roku 2022. Firma Siemens dokonca ukončila všetky aktivity v oblasti vývoja jadrových technológií. Na Slovensku boli minimálne sprísnené požiadavky na odolnosť voči zemetraseniam u pripravovaných dvoch reaktoroch v Mochovciach.

Po tom, čo som nielen videl ale aj mal možnosť si vypočuť príbehy ľudí ktorých sa tragédia nejakým spôsobom dotkla, či už na Ukrajine alebo v Japonsku, dúfam, že sme sa už nejakým spôsobom poučili, že stavba jadrovej elektrárne nie je "sranda" natoľko, aby niekto v tektonicky aktívnej krajine naprojektoval hrádz proti tsunami s výškou 5,7 metra "lebo to musí stačiť" alebo 40 rokov ignoroval bezpečnostné doporučenia. Je len smutné, že na takéto chyby musí niekto doplatiť, či už životom alebo zdravím vlastným alebo niekoho z blízkych, prípadne stratou domova. A až potom sa veci hýbu tam, kde mali byť. Tiež kamuflovať vzniknuté nešťastie tým, že sa dvihnú limity (hoc dočasne) pre množstvo radiácie v potravinách alebo maximálnej ročnej dávky je nejak v rozpore s vyhlásením japonských autorít, že situáciu zvládajú, resp. zvládali.

Na záver by som chcel poďakovať môjmu bratrancovi Henrimu Tatarovi a jeho žene Junko, bez nich by táto reportáž nikdy nevznikla. Mimochodom, obaja sú hudobníci (LINK) a z času na čas sa objavia na Slovensku aj koncertne, kto máte radi klasickú hudbu, určite nevynechajte :)

EN

My experience from Fukushima is a bit different from my visit to Pripyat. In the Ukraine, nature has already taken care of what people had built, it may look like an open-air museum in a really bad shape. Roads are mostly full of holes, building deteriorating, vegetation took over. In Japan, apart from areas hit by the tsunami, it almost looked like a regular town, mostly when You look at photos from Namie-Machi taken from a bridge. When You enter the town itself, one realizes that there is something wrong about the place - rusty cars, lawns uncut, boarded up windows. And most of all - not a single living being. People may return to certain areas that have been decontaminated, but most of them haven't. I would also hesitate to return to a house standing close to a radioactive soil storage. It will be interesting to see how will this problem with soil and fields evolve - wether they will "grow" solar panels or rice again, my guess actually goes for the panels.

Although the tocal radioactive leak was estimated to "only" 15-20% of Chernobyl, parts of the zone will be uninhabitable for long, but not as much as in the Ukraine - the area is not contaminated with plutonium isotopes, half-life of which is around 22000 years. Current largest source of radiation is cesium-137 with half-life of 30 years, so instead of thousands of years during which the zone around Chernobyl will be uninhabitable, we are talking probably about hundreds in the most contaminated areas around Fukushima-Daiichi.

Image of nuclear power has changed since the disaster - although Japan temporarily shut down all it's NPPs, reducing power production in such country by 30% could not be held stable, so reactors do restart as of now but at least the strategy towards nuclear power in Japan has changed, it's percentage will drop over time. Germany, in reaction to Fukushima, plans to shut down all it's 17 NPPs by 2022. Siemens has also ceased all activity around nuclear technology. In Slovakia, at least the safety requirements considering earthquakes for two planned reactors in Mochovce power plant have been increased.

After seeing the places and hearing stories of people whose life have been somehow affected by the disasters in the Ukraine and Japan, I hope that the world has learned a lesson that building a nuclear power plant is not a joke but must be taken way more seriously - not like building 5.7m anti-tsunami wall around a NPP in a tectonically active area "because it must be suficient" or ignoring safety recommendations for four decades. Or in case of Ukraine - ingnorance towards safety procedures. It' is sad that someone has to lose his life, health or home in order someone finally does things the way they were supposed to be. Also, masking the consequences by increasing radiation limits in food and environment (although teporarily) is in contradiction with claims of Japanese government that they are/were "in control of the situation".

I would like to thank my cousing Henri and his wife Junko, this story would not exist without their great help. By the way, they are wonderful musicians (LINK), if You like classical music, don't miss their performance :)

Použité zdroje (Resources)

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/japanquake/earth20110314.html

http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/radiation-and-health/nuclear-radiation-and-health-effects.aspx

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/science/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-cleanup-ice-wall.html?_r=0

http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608190060.html

http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/japan-new-permissible-levels-of-radioactivity-in-foods/

http://www.activistpost.com/2016/09/radioactive-food-water-new-normal-japan.html

http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/current-situation-japan-food.pdf

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/03/whats-current-radiation-threat-japans-food-and-water

http://enenews.com/before-fukushima-100-bqkg-cesium-nuclear-waste-after-100-bqkg-safe-eat

http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/11/fukushima-fallout-not-affecting-u-s-caught-fish/

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/12189613/Fukushima-nuclear-plant-will-leak-radioactive-water-for-four-more-years.html

http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/japan-nuclear-power.aspx

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami

https://www.euronuclear.org/e-news/e-news-34/hsc.htm

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster

https://www.nei.org/News-Media/News/Japan-Nuclear-Update

http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=83397&tid=3622&cid=94989

http://www.biogeosciences.net/10/6045/2013/bg-10-6045-2013.pdf

https://cryptome.org/eyeball/daiichi-npp2/daiichi-photos2.htm

http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/appendices/fukushima-reactor-background.aspx

http://fukushimaontheglobe.com/the-earthquake-and-the-nuclear-accident/situation-of-the-evacuees

http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608190060.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/science/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-cleanup-ice-wall.html?_r=0

http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Truth_About_Fukushima.php

https://www.foodwatch.org/en/what-we-do/topics/radiation/more-information/eu-radiation-limits/

https://www.slideshare.net/katsutoshiseki/cesium